What are different process on Flat Glass? I would like to know the different process on flat cup, like...
I would like to know the different process on flat cup, like sharp wash, colouring, itching... Also recommend from where on earth I get more info on cup and different process done on them?
Answers: Your question is one that touches the surface of adjectives glass-making.
The glass-making process consists of raw materials melt, refined, and formed. After forming habitually there is a term of finishing the glass where on earth aditional washing, grinding, and warmness treating may occur.
Since you're asking nearly only flat cup I'll start by discussing the various methods utilized commercially to creat flat chalice.
The most common form of commercial flat cup (by far) is float glass. Float chalice is made by floating melted chalice across a bath of molten tin. The surface of the tin is flat and the two liquid remain mostly immiscible (don't mix) so the surface of the glass become flat. The opposite side of the defrost becomes flat due to surface rigidity and gravitational forces. A second method for flat glass is used for diaphanous glass and optically pure surfaces and is particular as downdraw. LCD Tv screen cup is made by this method where molten cup flows over the edge of both sides of a trough contained by a v shape. At the base of the 'v' the cup reforms into one solid sheet. Other methods are slot blown, and updraw to dub a few, but these are rare and are variation on the two I already described.
Before the glass is formed it will usually already own it's color added in the as a untreated material formerly melting. Usually flat cup is meant to be colorless as it is used for window and tv's so any color is unintentional. One infamous impurity color in chalice (especially flat glass) is the grees you see when you look at the edge of a chalice. This green is caused by deeply small amounts of iron impurity from the sand. To be honest though, most flat glass companies very soon intentionally add iron impurity because customers have become so accustomed to window having a green tint!
Now onto finiishing cup. The most important first step after the cup is formed is to anneal the glass. this relieves any stresses on the cup surface from uneven cooling by intentionally and slowly reheating the cup to a temperature below the de-ice temperature and consequently slowly cooling. We say this "relaxes" the chalice structure. From here the glass will credible be cut and the sharp edges will be beveled. If the glass is not as flat as needed, grinding and polishing might be perform though this is not always worthy as it introduces millions of tiny imperfections that can organize to eventual failure. Washing is also sometimes done and an sour is used rather than a unsophisticated soap like you enjoy in your bathroom as basis tend to eat away silica chalice structure. Acid "etching" is also sometimes done, but rarely. Etching is a process of selectively removing a phase seperated region of chalice to create a different structure. An example would be for high silica chalice, which would otherwise melt at >2000 C you label a phas seperated borosilicate glass, consequently use an acid to leach out the boron rich phase going away you with a porous silica exchange cards. All that remains is to heat and sinter the chalice to close the pores and you have a large silica glass in need having to liquefy at high temperature.
Other finishing technices involve strengthening glasses similar to tempering or ion exchange. In temper the surface is intentionally heated and rapidly cooled to introduce a compressive lode on the surface which will close cracks as they form. This is the opposite of annealing and leaves the chalice unstable (sometimes tempered specs explode of no apperant reason) so ion exchanging is prefered. In Ion exchanging the glass is placed into a saline (usually sulfate) bath. In this tub at high temperature the smaller surface ions exchange with larger ions within the salt tub and create a compressive stress on the surface which closes cracks like temper but without the instability.
Some specs are sprayed with a polymer to prevent abrasion when other pieces of chalice rub against it while others are laminated with a sheet of polymer and consequently bonded to anotherpiece of glass at elevated temperature (this is how bullet-resistant chalice is made).
This only touches on the surface of the process of glass-making and finishing of chalice. For more information check out "Fundementals of Inorganic Glasses" by A. Varshneya or "Introduction to Glass Science and Technology" by J. Shelby.
As a side note, transport anything you read on sites like Wikipedia beside a grain of saline knowing it is user contributed, though for this I think you'd be sheltered.